Eczema

Eczema, commonly called atopic dermatitis, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition with itchy, red patches and a relapsing course. It most often begins in childhood but can occur at any age. Eczema is a broad term; atopic dermatitis is the most common form.

Symptoms include persistent itch, dry skin, redness, and possible oozing during flares. Infants usually have involvement of the face and scalp; older children and adults more often show flexural involvement, and scratching may lead to thickened skin.

Causes involve genetic susceptibility, skin barrier defects, and immune dysregulation. Filaggrin gene mutations can weaken the barrier; immune responses are skewed toward allergy-related pathways. Triggers include irritants, allergens, temperature changes, and stress; eczema often coexists with asthma or allergic rhinitis.

Diagnosis is typically clinical, based on history and examination. Tests may help exclude other rashes such as contact dermatitis, psoriasis, or fungal infections.

Management focuses on skin care and trigger control. Regular moisturizers, gentle cleansing, and avoiding irritants are essential. During flares, topical corticosteroids are common; calcineurin inhibitors offer steroid-sparing options. Infections may require antibiotics; severe disease may need phototherapy or systemic therapies, including biologics like dupilumab or JAK inhibitors, under medical supervision.

Eczema is common, especially in children. It can persist into adulthood and often associates with sleep disturbance and other allergic diseases. With proper treatment and skin care, many people achieve good control.