earthware

Earthware, commonly referred to as earthenware, is a category of ceramic ware produced from clay and fired at relatively low temperatures. The fired body remains porous and relatively soft compared with stoneware or porcelain. Typical firing ranges are approximately 900 to 1100 degrees Celsius (1650 to 2010 degrees Fahrenheit). Because of the low firing temperature, earthenware is more prone to chipping and cracking and often requires glazing to become watertight and suitable for food use.

The color of earthware is usually red, brown, or buff, reflecting iron oxide and other impurities in the clay. Terracotta is a well-known form of red earthenware. Unglazed earthenware is porous and can absorb water and odors, while glazes provide a glassy, non-porous surface.

Historically, earthware has been produced across many cultures and eras, serving daily pottery, storage vessels, tiles, and sculpture. Its affordability and ease of workability made it a foundation of early ceramic traditions.

Relationship to other ceramics: earthware is distinct from stoneware, which is fired at higher temperatures (roughly 1100–1300°C) and becomes dense and non-porous, and from porcelain, which is fired at even higher temperatures and achieves translucency and high strength. In some contexts, the term earthware is used interchangeably with earthenware, though regional usage may vary and some distinctions may be made based on glaze, finishing methods, or firing practices.