dyspraxia

Dyspraxia, commonly referred to in clinical contexts as developmental coordination disorder (DCD), is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by difficulties in planning and coordinating voluntary movements. It affects motor skill development and the execution of coordinated actions despite average intelligence and opportunity for practice.

Children with dyspraxia may appear clumsy or awkward, have trouble with fine motor tasks such as handwriting or cutting with scissors, and struggle with balance, ball skills, or sequencing actions.

The exact cause is unknown. It is thought to involve differences in brain networks that plan and coordinate movement, with genetic and environmental factors likely contributing. Dyspraxia commonly co-occurs with ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, and learning difficulties.

Diagnosis is clinical and usually made by pediatricians, neurologists, or psychologists after reviewing developmental history and observing motor performance. Standardized assessments, such as the Movement Assessment Battery for Children, and caregiver or teacher questionnaires support the diagnosis while other conditions are ruled out.

Management focuses on improving motor skills and daily functioning through occupational and physical therapy, targeted practice, and school accommodations. Interventions may address handwriting, self-care tasks, balance, and sequencing. A supportive, structured environment and individualized goals aid progress.

Prognosis varies; many children improve with therapy, while some have persistent difficulties into adolescence. The estimated prevalence among school-aged children is around 5 to 6 percent, with a higher reported rate in boys.