dhimahi

Dhimahi is a term sometimes used in historical and academic contexts to refer to a historical policy of tolerance and protection afforded to non-Muslim religious communities, particularly Jews and Christians, within Islamic lands. The concept is rooted in Islamic jurisprudence and the Quranic verses that address the treatment of "people of the book" (Ahl al-Kitab). Under this system, non-Muslims were generally allowed to practice their religion, maintain their places of worship, and govern their internal affairs in exchange for paying a special tax known as the jizya, and adhering to certain social and legal restrictions.

The practical application and interpretation of dhimahi varied significantly across different Islamic empires and historical periods. While some rulers and periods saw a relatively high degree of freedom and integration for non-Muslims, others witnessed periods of increased discrimination, persecution, and stricter enforcement of dhimmi status. The status of dhimmi was not static and could be altered by political circumstances or changes in leadership.

Scholars debate the precise meaning and historical implementation of dhimahi, with some emphasizing its protective aspects and others highlighting the limitations and inequalities inherent in the system. The term itself is derived from the Arabic word "dhimma," which signifies a covenant, protection, or obligation. Therefore, dhimahi can be understood as the system that governed the protected status of religious minorities within the Islamic world.