demenza

Demenza, the Italian term for dementia, is a syndrome characterized by progressive decline in memory, thinking, and the ability to perform everyday activities. It is not a single disease but a group of conditions that affect cognitive function and behavior. The most common cause is Alzheimer's disease, but other major types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia, as well as mixed etiologies.

Typical signs include memory loss that disrupts daily life, language difficulties, impaired problem-solving and judgment, disorientation, and changes in mood or behavior. Symptoms vary by type and stage and gradually worsen over months to years, affecting independence and safety.

Diagnosis involves medical history, physical examination, and cognitive testing (e.g., screening tools). Blood tests and brain imaging help identify reversible conditions and support diagnosis. A definitive diagnosis often requires careful assessment over time.

Treatment aims to manage symptoms, support daily functioning, and plan care. There is no cure for most dementias. Medications such as cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine may help some people with Alzheimer's-type dementia. Non-pharmacological approaches, including cognitive and physical activity, social engagement, sleep management, and safety measures in the home, are important. Caregiver support and education are essential components of care planning.

Prevention and risk reduction focus on managing cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors, maintaining physical activity, healthy diet, avoidance of smoking, and maintaining social and mental activity, though no method guarantees prevention.

Dementia primarily affects older adults but can occur in younger people with certain conditions; its incidence rises with age, imposing substantial social and economic burdens on families and health systems.