coronarios

Coronarios, commonly referred to as coronary arteries, are the vessels that supply oxygen‑rich blood to the myocardium, the muscular tissue of the heart. In humans there are two main coronary arteries: the right coronary artery (RCA) and the left coronary artery (LCA), which originates from the aortic sinus of Valsalva. The LCA quickly bifurcates into the left anterior descending (LAD) and the circumflex (LCx) branches, each delivering blood to specific regions of the left ventricle. The RCA primarily perfuses the right ventricle, the inferior portion of the left ventricle, and the atrioventricular (AV) node.

Coronary circulation is largely regulated by myocardial metabolic demand, endothelial function, and autonomic nervous input. During increased activity, vasodilation of the arterioles enhances flow, whereas vasoconstriction may occur in response to sympathetic stimulation or pathological states. Atherosclerotic plaque formation within coronarios is the principal cause of coronary artery disease (CAD), leading to narrowed lumens, reduced perfusion, and, in severe cases, myocardial infarction. Risk factors include hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, smoking, diabetes, and sedentary lifestyle.

Diagnostic assessment of coronarios employs non‑invasive methods such as electrocardiography, stress testing, and coronary computed tomography angiography, as well as invasive coronary angiography for definitive visualization. Therapeutic approaches range from lifestyle modification and pharmacological agents (e.g., antiplatelets, statins, beta‑blockers) to revascularisation techniques like percutaneous coronary intervention (angioplasty with stenting) and coronary artery bypass grafting.

Understanding the anatomy and physiology of the coronarios is essential for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of cardiovascular disease, which remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.