constipations

Constipation, in medical terms, refers to infrequent or difficult bowel movements. It is commonly defined as fewer than three bowel movements per week, accompanied by hard, dry stools or straining during evacuation. It can be acute or chronic and is a symptom rather than a disease.

Most cases are functional, meaning there is no underlying disease. Common contributors include low dietary fiber, inadequate fluid intake, and physical inactivity. Medications such as opioids, iron supplements, and certain antacids can also cause constipation. Other factors include pregnancy, aging, and disorders affecting nerve or muscle control of the colon or pelvic floor.

Less commonly, constipation may result from bowel obstruction, metabolic or endocrine problems (such as hypothyroidism or diabetes), or neurological conditions. If constipation is sudden, persistent, or accompanied by weight loss, rectal bleeding, severe abdominal pain, or a new change in bowel habit after age 50, medical evaluation is advised.

Diagnosis is usually clinical, based on symptom history. Tests are reserved for persistent symptoms or alarm features and may include blood tests, colonoscopy, or imaging to exclude secondary causes.

Management emphasizes lifestyle measures: increasing fiber intake to about 20–35 g daily, drinking adequate fluids, and staying physically active. A regular toilet routine and proper positioning can help. If lifestyle changes are insufficient, laxatives are used under guidance. Options include osmotic laxatives, stool softeners, and, when appropriate, stimulant laxatives for short periods.

Prevention focuses on ongoing dietary and hydration habits, regular activity, and cautious use of medications known to cause constipation. Most cases respond to nonpharmacologic measures, with medical therapy reserved for persistent or complicated forms.