columbids

Columbids, or members of the family Columbidae, are a diverse group of birds that includes pigeons and doves. They belong to the order Columbiformes and are found on most continents, occupying habitats from urban areas and forests to grasslands and deserts. The family comprises more than 300 species in roughly 40 genera, with well-known examples such as the rock dove (Columba livia) and the common wood pigeon (Columba palumbus), as well as many New World species in genera like Patagioenas and Zenaida.

Physically, columbids are generally medium-sized, stout-bodied birds with short necks, broad wings, and short bills. They often have a plump appearance, and many species display iridescent or metallic throat feathers. Plumage varies by species, but many urban and rural pigeons are gray or brown, while others are more colorful. Sexes are typically similar in appearance, though some species show subtle differences.

Columbids primarily feed on seeds and fruits. They swallow grit to aid digestion and possess a crop that can produce a nutritious crop milk to feed hatchlings. Both parents participate in incubation and rearing of young. Breeding is usually monogamous, with most species laying one or two eggs in a simple nest made of twigs or other light materials. The young develop in their nestlings for a period ranging from a few weeks to over a month, depending on the species.

Conservation status among columbids varies; many species are common and widespread, while others face threats from habitat loss, hunting, and collisions with buildings. Taxonomically, the family includes genera such as Columba, Streptopelia, Patagioenas, Zenaida, and Treron, reflecting a wide range of sizes, colors, and ecological niches.