clowning

Clowning is the practice of performing as a clown, a comic performer who uses physical comedy, exaggerated facial expressions, body language, mime, slapstick, and colorful makeup and costumes to entertain audiences. Clowns appear in circuses, theatre, film and television, street performance, festivals, and private events, as well as in therapeutic settings such as hospitals.

The origins of clowning lie in earlier street entertainments and the stock characters of European theatre, including the commedia dell’arte tradition. In the 18th and 19th centuries, modern clowning developed with performers such as Joseph Grimaldi, whose whiteface makeup and heightened physical comedy helped establish conventions that influenced later clown types and circus acts.

Clowns are commonly categorized into several archetypes, notably whiteface, auguste, and character clowns. Whiteface clowns use a white base makeup with strong features and a more refined persona. Auguste clowns apply flesh-toned makeup with exaggerated color around the mouth and eyes, often with a more chaotic character. Character clowns take on specific roles, such as a sailor, policeman, or butcher, and may blend traits from other categories.

In contemporary practice, clowning encompasses traditional circus performance, street theatre, and performance art. Therapeutic or hospital clowns work in healthcare settings to ease anxiety and provide distraction for patients, while other clowns engage in improvisation, social commentary, and educational outreach. Safety, consent, and sensitivity are important considerations when performing for diverse audiences, especially children.

Clowning has had a broad cultural impact, influencing makeup styles, performance techniques, and the portrayal of comedic persona in media. It remains a diverse field that spans entertainment, art, and therapy, with practices that continue to evolve in response to audiences and cultural contexts.