circuses

Circuses are entertainment troupes that perform a variety program of skilled feats, often featuring acrobats, equestrians, clowns, jugglers, trapeze artists, aerialists, and sometimes trained animals. Performances traditionally take place under a large tent, known as a circus tent, or in a theater, and may use a ring, arena, or multiple stages.

Modern circuses originated in the 18th century in England with Philip Astley, who opened the first circular riding arena in 1768 in London. The format spread to Europe and North America, with traveling companies forming circuits of performances. By the 19th and early 20th centuries, circuses became popular as family entertainment and often featured animal acts, trained by handlers. Many companies built permanent venues and introduced night performances.

The ring or arena defines pacing. Acts include horse riding, high wires, trapeze, juggling, clowning, and magic; some shows are thematic rather than purely varied. The role of animals has varied; traditional circuses depended on horses, elephants, and camels, but there has been a shift toward human-centered performances in response to welfare concerns and changing public tastes.

Contemporary trends: In some regions, contemporary or new circus companies emphasize theatre, narrative, and aerial artistry with minimal or no animal acts, in venues ranging from traditional tents to arenas and theatres. Notable examples include Cirque du Soleil and other companies that blend circus skills with multimedia production; however, many traditional circuses continue to tour with animal acts where permitted.

Regulation and cultural impact: Circuses are subject to safety, labor, and animal welfare regulations in many countries. Public opinion and ethical considerations have driven reforms and bans on certain animal acts. Circuses remain a notable form of performing arts and popular entertainment, with regional variations in format, repertoire, and audience expectations.