chlorothiazide

Chlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic medication primarily used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and fluid retention (edema) caused by conditions such as congestive heart failure, liver disease, or kidney disorders. It works by increasing the excretion of sodium and chloride through the kidneys, which promotes diuresis (increased urine production) and reduces fluid buildup in the body. This mechanism also helps lower blood pressure by decreasing blood volume and relaxing blood vessel walls.

Chlorothiazide was first introduced in the 1950s and remains a widely prescribed drug due to its effectiveness and relatively low cost. It is available in oral tablet form and is often used as a first-line treatment for mild to moderate hypertension. The drug may also be prescribed for conditions such as nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, a rare disorder where the kidneys fail to properly concentrate urine.

Common side effects of chlorothiazide include increased urination, dizziness, headache, and electrolyte imbalances such as low potassium or sodium levels. More serious adverse effects may include allergic reactions, muscle cramps, irregular heartbeat, or worsening kidney function. Patients should monitor their potassium intake, as low potassium levels can lead to weakness, fatigue, or muscle spasms. Chlorothiazide may also interact with other medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), lithium, or digoxin, potentially altering their effects or increasing the risk of side effects.

Contraindications for chlorothiazide include hypersensitivity to the drug, severe kidney disease, or anuria (absence of urine production). It should be used cautiously in individuals with diabetes, gout, or a history of liver disease. Pregnant women should consult a healthcare provider before using chlorothiazide, as its safety during pregnancy has not been fully established. Regular monitoring of blood pressure, kidney function, and electrolyte levels is recommended for patients on long-term therapy.