beyond5G

Beyond 5G refers to a research and development trajectory aimed at extending and superseding current 5G capabilities. While often associated with the later stages of next-generation wireless evolution (commonly called 6G), beyond-5G is not a formal standard. It comprises technologies, architectures, and use cases that seek higher data rates, lower latency, greater network capacity, and new functions such as sensing and intelligent network management.

Key technologies under investigation include terahertz communications for higher frequency bands, AI-native networking for autonomous optimization and orchestration, integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) to combine communication with environmental sensing, edge computing and cloud-native networks for lower latency, and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces to control radio propagation. Open and flexible network architectures, such as open radio access networks (O-RAN) and dense, heterogeneous deployments, are also emphasized, sometimes with cell-free or distributed architectures.

Standardization and timelines are evolving, with ITU-R, 3GPP, and various national programs coordinating research efforts. Realistic milestones are often projected for the 2030s, though early experiments and pilots are already underway in research labs and select field trials around the world.

Potential applications described in research include ultra-high data rates, holographic or immersive media, digital twins, enhanced autonomous systems, and advanced industrial and transportation use cases. Many of these remain contingent on advances in hardware, spectrum availability, energy efficiency, and robust security and privacy protections, as well as scalable, interoperable deployments.