6G

6G denotes the next generation of wireless communications being researched to follow 5G. As of the 2020s, no global standard has been established, and development is exploratory. Proponents anticipate networks that deliver multi-gigabit to terabit-per-second peak data rates, ultralow latency, massively increased capacity, and highly intelligent, autonomic networks. Standardization is expected to occur in the 2030s, with ongoing research and pilot deployments in various countries.

Technologies associated with 6G include access to higher frequency bands, such as terahertz waves, advanced waveform and coding schemes, and artificial intelligence integrated into network control. Architectures may feature AI-native network management, edge computing, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, and seamless satellite-terrestrial integration to extend connectivity globally. Open RAN and cloud-native cores are likely to play a role.

Potential use cases include immersive augmented and virtual reality, holographic communications, real-time cloud gaming, digital twins for manufacturing and smart cities, autonomous systems in transportation and industry, and enhanced industrial automation. The emphasis is on ultra-reliable, low-latency connectivity combined with pervasive sensing and predictive capabilities.

Spectrum efforts focus on higher bands in the hundreds of gigahertz to terahertz ranges, while sub-6GHz and mid-band spectrum continue to complement coverage. Network architectures emphasize edge intelligence, ultra-dense deployments, and integration with satellite networks to provide global coverage and resilience.

Challenges encompass technical feasibility, cost, spectrum allocation, device and chip design, energy efficiency, security and privacy, and equitable access. Achieving interoperability across regions and ensuring environmental sustainability are ongoing considerations for standard bodies, industry, and policymakers.