autopilot

Autopilot is a control system that automatically governs the operation or flight path of a vehicle with limited or no human input. In aviation, marine, automotive, drone, and space applications, autopilots use sensors, actuators, and control algorithms to maintain routes, altitudes, speeds, or attitudes, and to perform maneuvers such as climbs, turns, or landings in some cases. They are typically engaged or disengaged by a qualified operator and are designed to reduce workload while preserving safety.

The term originated in aviation in the early 20th century when Lawrence Sperry developed the first autopilot for aircraft in 1912. Over the decades, autopilots evolved from simple stability systems to sophisticated flight management computers, integrating GPS, inertial navigation, and digital control laws. Similar concepts emerged for ships and submarines, and later for spacecraft attitude control.

In aviation, autopilots commonly provide heading hold, altitude hold, vertical speed, and automatic approach or landing modes. They reduce pilot workload but typically do not replace the pilot; the human remains responsible for monitoring systems and handling communications and emergencies. In ships, autopilots automatically steer a vessel along a course using compass inputs and waypoint data. In land vehicles, automated driving systems provide adaptive cruise control, lane keeping, and steering assistance, often marketed as "autopilot" features; these remain Level 2 or lower autonomy in practice.

Autopilot functions rely on sensors such as GPS, inertial measurement units, radar or sonar, and weather data, and are limited by sensor integrity and environmental conditions. Safety and regulatory oversight govern autopilot certification and operation, including aviation airworthiness standards, maritime classification rules, and automotive safety regulations. Advances continue to expand autonomy while preserving human oversight.