arvutivõrk

**Arvutivõrk** (computer network) refers to a system of interconnected computers, devices, and other networking hardware that communicate and share resources over a physical or logical network infrastructure. These networks enable data transfer, access to shared services, and collaboration among users, regardless of their physical location.

The primary components of an arvutivõrk include networked devices (such as computers, servers, and IoT devices), networking hardware (like routers, switches, and hubs), communication protocols (such as TCP/IP, Ethernet, and Wi-Fi standards), and network software (including operating systems and applications). Networks can range from small local area networks (LANs) within a single building to large wide area networks (WANs) spanning continents, connecting millions of users globally.

Arvutivõrk can be categorized based on its scope and connectivity:

- **Local Area Network (LAN)** – Connects devices within a limited geographic area, such as a home or office.

- **Wide Area Network (WAN)** – Links networks over long distances, often using internet protocols.

- **Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)** – Covers a city or large campus, providing high-speed connectivity.

- **Personal Area Network (PAN)** – Connects devices within a small range, like a smartphone and a printer.

Networking technologies facilitate various functions, including file sharing, email communication, internet browsing, remote access, and multimedia streaming. Security measures, such as firewalls, encryption, and authentication protocols, are essential to protect against unauthorized access and cyber threats.

The evolution of arvutivõrk has been driven by advancements in technology, including fiber-optic cables, cloud computing, and wireless standards like 5G. Modern networks often integrate multiple technologies to ensure reliability, speed, and scalability, supporting everything from basic data transfer to complex cloud-based services.