artritt

Artritt, commonly referred to as arthritis in English, is the inflammation of one or more joints. It encompasses a range of conditions, from autoimmune inflammatory diseases to crystal-induced arthritis and joint infections. The hallmark signs are joint pain, swelling, warmth, redness, and reduced mobility. Inflammatory forms often cause morning stiffness lasting more than 30 minutes.

Major categories include inflammatory arthritis (for example rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis), crystal arthritis (gout and pseudogout), infectious arthritis (septic arthritis), and reactive arthritis. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative condition and is typically described separately, though symptoms may overlap.

Causes and risk factors vary and can include autoimmune processes, infections, crystal deposition, trauma, and metabolic factors. Risk factors commonly cited are age, obesity, smoking, and a family history of joint disease.

Diagnosis relies on clinical assessment supported by laboratory tests and imaging. Blood tests can detect inflammatory activity (CRP, ESR) and autoantibodies (rheumatoid factor, anti-CCP). Synovial fluid analysis from a joint tap helps distinguish inflammatory, crystal-induced, and infectious causes. Imaging with X-ray, ultrasound, or MRI assesses joint damage and disease activity.

Treatment aims to relieve pain and inflammation, slow progression, and preserve joint function. Approaches include NSAIDs for symptom relief, corticosteroids for short-term control, and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) for autoimmune forms. Biologic agents target specific immune pathways. Nonpharmacologic measures such as physical therapy, appropriate exercise, weight management, and splinting support function. Management is individualized and often multidisciplinary.

Prognosis varies with the underlying cause; early diagnosis and sustained treatment generally improve outcomes and reduce long-term joint damage.