antiinflammatorytissueremodeling

Anti-inflammatory agents are medicines that reduce inflammation, a biological response to injury or infection characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain. The two main pharmacologic classes are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids. NSAIDs work by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2), which suppresses the production of prostaglandins involved in inflammation, pain, and fever. They provide analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. Corticosteroids suppress multiple inflammatory pathways and are used systemically or topically for potent anti-inflammatory effects, but can have widespread metabolic and immunologic side effects with long-term use.

Common NSAIDs include ibuprofen, naproxen, aspirin, and diclofenac. COX-2 selective inhibitors, such as celecoxib, aim to reduce gastrointestinal side effects but may carry cardiovascular risks. Acetaminophen (paracetamol) has analgesic and antipyretic effects but limited anti-inflammatory action; it is often used when NSAID-related GI risk is a concern but can cause liver injury at high doses.

Indications include relief of pain due to musculoskeletal disorders, management of inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, and reduction of fever. They are generally used at the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration necessary. Side effects vary by drug class but commonly include gastrointestinal irritation, bleeding or ulcers, kidney effects, elevated blood pressure, and, for some NSAIDs, increased cardiovascular risk. Corticosteroids can be associated with weight gain, osteoporosis, hyperglycemia, and infection risk with prolonged use. Safety considerations include renal and hepatic function, pregnancy status, and possible drug interactions.