Zygaeninae

Zygaeninae is a subfamily of moths within the family Zygaenidae, commonly known as burnet moths or forester moths. Members of this subfamily are among the better known day‑flying moths, often displaying metallic scales and bold color patterns that serve as warning coloration. The best-known genus in Zygaeninae is Zygaena, whose species are widespread in Europe and parts of Asia.

Distribution and habitat

Zygaeninae species are distributed across the Palearctic region, with many European representatives. They inhabit open, sunnier habitats such as meadows, grasslands, heathlands, and forest margins where their larval host plants occur.

Appearance and biology

Adults typically have narrow wings with a dark or metallic ground color and conspicuous red, orange, or yellow markings. They are commonly diurnal or crepuscular and often visit flowers for nectar. The life cycles and appearances vary by species, but most follow a typical moth pattern of egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa, and adult.

Chemistry and defense

A characteristic feature of Zygaeninae, like other Zygaenidae, is the production or sequestration of hydrogen cyanide and related compounds. The aposematic coloration and chemical defense help deter predators, allowing these moths to forage in daylight and maintain a diurnal lifestyle.

Host plants and life cycle

Larvae feed on a range of herbaceous plants, with a preference for certain groups such as Fabaceae in many species. Oviposition, larval development, and pupation occur on or near host plants, with life-cycle duration influenced by environmental conditions and species.

Taxonomy

Zygaeninae is one of the subfamilies within Zygaenidae, an family of Lepidoptera. The subfamily encompasses several genera, with Zygaena being the most prominent and widespread.