Appearance

Appearance refers to the outward manifestation of a person or object that is visible to observers. In humans, appearance encompasses physical attributes such as facial features, skin, hair, height, and body shape, as well as clothing, grooming, and other accessories. It is the initial and often salient facet by which others perceive someone, and it can change with age, health, environment, and fashion.

The human phenotype is shaped by genetics but also by development, nutrition, hormones, and disease. Ageing leads to predictable changes in skin elasticity, hair color, and body composition. External factors such as sun exposure, smoking, and exercise influence appearance over time. Advances in cosmetic techniques and clothing choices allow individuals to modify certain aspects of appearance, while limitations remain.

Socially, appearance is embedded in cultural norms and beauty standards that vary across time and place. Media representation, peer groups, and professional contexts can shape expectations. Judgments based on appearance are common but can be biased and mislead about abilities, character, or health; thus, appearance should be interpreted with caution and respect for privacy.

Individuals may manage appearance deliberately for self-expression, function, or professional requirements, through grooming, attire, cosmetics, or accessories. Ethical discussions around appearance often address body image, consent, and non-discrimination. In science and everyday life, appearance is a useful, but imperfect, cue that interacts with context to influence social interaction and perception.