Wool

Wool is the textile fiber obtained from the fleece of certain animals, most commonly domesticated sheep. Other animals produce wools such as cashmere (goats), mohair (Angora goats), and wools from alpacas, llamas, yaks, vicuña, and angora rabbits. Wool fibers are crimped and elastic, which helps trap air and provide warmth. They can absorb moisture while still feeling comfortable against the skin, and they have natural flame resistance. The fiber surface has scales that help with felting when subjected to heat, moisture, and agitation. Wool also contains lanolin, a natural grease that requires scouring during processing.

Processing typically starts with shearing, then cleaning (scouring) to remove grease, dirt, and impurities. The fiber is carded and combed to align fibers, spun into yarn, and woven or knitted into fabric. Finishing steps may include fulling or felting, dyeing, and finishing to desired hand and appearance. Wool is produced in various weights and densities; fineness is often described by fiber diameter (microns). Merino wool is among the finest, while other types include medium-wool and long-wool breeds such as Romney and Cheviot.

Common uses include apparel such as sweaters and suits, as well as carpets, upholstery, and insulation. Globally, major producers include Australia and New Zealand, along with China and parts of Europe.

Environmental and ethical considerations involve land use, animal welfare, and greenhouse gas emissions. Certification schemes like the Responsible Wool Standard aim to promote welfare and sustainable farming. Wool has a long history in textile culture and remains valued for its warmth, resilience, and versatility.