Wildfires

Wildfires are uncontrolled fires that burn in wildland vegetation, including forests, grasslands, and scrub. They can start from natural causes, such as lightning, or human activities, like unattended campfires, discarded cigarettes, or arson. While many ecosystems are adapted to periodic fires, wildfires can become destructive when fuels are abundant, weather is dry and hot, or containment is difficult. Fire regimes vary by region, with some landscapes relying on fire for renewal and others experiencing severe losses after fire.

Fire behavior depends on fuel, weather, and topography. Dry vegetation, strong winds, and steep slopes promote rapid spread and high intensity. Fire can create spotting embers that ignite new fires ahead of the main front. Intense fires can generate their own weather systems, including fire whirls and pyrocumulus clouds, complicating suppression efforts.

Impacts include loss of life and property, habitat destruction, and degraded air quality that can affect millions of people. Ecologically, fires can recycle nutrients, open forest canopies, and stimulate seed germination, but severe fires may cause erosion and long-term ecological change. Economic costs of suppression and rehabilitation can be substantial.

Detection and response rely on fire danger forecasting, satellite monitoring, lookout towers, and cooperative firefighting forces. Suppression methods include ground crews, aircraft, firelines, and controlled burns to reduce fuel loads. Prevention measures emphasize public education, burn bans, safe camping practices, and land management that reduces hazardous fuels.

Climate change is associated with longer fire seasons and increased area burned in many regions, though regional trends vary. Preparedness, land management, and rapid response remain essential, along with public health protections during poor air quality events.