TCM

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a system of medical practice with origins in China and an influence across East Asia. It encompasses a range of modalities, including acupuncture, herbal medicine, moxibustion, cupping, and manual therapies, as well as mind–body practices such as Qigong and Tai Chi. Central to TCM is a theoretical framework in which health results from the balance and flow of qi (vital energy) through meridians, along with yin–yang and the five elements.

Diagnosis in TCM relies on pattern identification rather than isolated symptoms. Practitioners assess the patient by observing the tongue and pulse, questioning about sleep, digestion, emotion, and environmental factors. Treatment aims to restore balance and prevent disease, using tailored interventions.

The main modalities include acupuncture, which uses needles at specific points; herbal medicine, with formulas drawn from diverse plant, mineral, and animal substances; moxibustion (heating of points); cupping; and Tui na, a form of therapeutic massage. Diet, sleep, and exercise (e.g., Qigong) are commonly incorporated.

Evidence varies by modality and condition. Some conditions, such as chronic musculoskeletal pain and nausea, show modest benefits in systematic reviews for acupuncture and certain herbal therapies, but many claims lack robust evidence. Safety concerns include herb–drug interactions and quality control issues, especially with unregulated products.

TCM remains integrated into health systems in China and parts of Asia, and is widely available as complementary and alternative medicine in other countries. Regulatory standards for training and product safety differ across jurisdictions. Critics emphasize the need for rigorous research, while supporters cite holistic, patient-centered care.