acupuncture

Acupuncture is a traditional medical practice in which very thin needles are inserted into specific points on the body. It is used for pain relief and the treatment of various other conditions. The technique originated in China and has spread widely in Asia, Europe, and North America, where it is performed by trained practitioners.

Traditional theories describe acupuncture as modulating qi along meridians to restore balance. Modern explanations emphasize neurophysiological mechanisms, including activation of endogenous pain-relieving systems, modulation of the autonomic nervous system, and placebo effects. The exact mechanism remains a topic of research and debate.

Procedures typically involve insertion of sterile, single-use needles at prescribed points, with the depth and duration tailored to the individual. Some practitioners also use techniques such as electroacupuncture or moxibustion. Treatments are usually part of a broader care plan and are performed by qualified health professionals or licensed acupuncture practitioners.

Common indications include chronic musculoskeletal pain (such as low back, neck, knee osteoarthritis, and shoulder pain), tension-type headaches, and migraines. It is also used for nausea and vomiting related to surgery or chemotherapy, and in some cases for other functional symptoms. Evidence of benefit varies by condition, and placebo effects may contribute to observed outcomes.

Safety and regulation vary by country. When performed by trained practitioners with sterile needles, adverse events are typically minor (soreness, bruising). Serious complications are rare but can occur, especially with nonsterile technique or inappropriate needling. Proper licensing, training, and adherence to safety guidelines are important considerations.