moxibustion

Moxibustion is a traditional medicine therapy that involves burning dried mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) near or on the skin to warm and stimulate specific points on the body. It is commonly used in conjunction with acupuncture but can also be applied independently. The practice has two main forms: direct moxibustion, where small cones of moxa are placed on the skin and burned, and indirect moxibustion, in which the burning mugwort is held near the skin, placed on an insulating medium, or used atop an acupuncture needle.

Origin and use: Moxibustion is a component of traditional Chinese medicine with a long history in East Asia. It is used for a range of conditions, including musculoskeletal pain, digestive disturbances, gynecological issues, and general vitality. In obstetrics, indirect moxibustion at a specific point on the foot has been used to attempt turning a breech fetus, but evidence on safety and effectiveness remains mixed.

Evidence and safety: Systematic reviews show potential benefits for certain pains and for breech presentation in some settings, but overall results are inconclusive and study quality varies. Moxibustion is generally safe when performed by trained practitioners, but it can cause burns, blisters, and eye or airway irritation from smoke. It is contraindicated on broken skin or infected areas, and care is advised in pregnancy. Regulatory status and practitioner training vary by country.

Mechanism and regulation: In traditional theory, moxibustion warms meridians and dispels cold-dampness to stimulate qi and blood. In modern research, it is viewed mainly as a heating stimulus that may influence local circulation and inflammation, though mechanisms are not well established. Safety guidelines emphasize qualified providers and adequate ventilation to manage smoke.