Sprödem

Sprödem is a dermatological term used to describe dry, cracked, and fissured skin or mucous membranes resulting from loss of moisture and barrier dysfunction. It typically presents as rough, splitting skin that can be painful or tender, and may bleed in more severe cases. Commonly affected areas include the hands, feet, lips, and the corners of the mouth.

Causes and risk factors

Sprödem arises from a combination of environmental and individual factors. Cold, dry weather, low humidity, wind, and frequent exposure to water or irritants can dry the skin. Recurrent handwashing, use of harsh soaps or cleaning agents, and friction from manual work increase risk. Underlying skin conditions such as eczema or psoriasis, as well as metabolic or systemic factors like diabetes or dehydration, can contribute. Elderly individuals and those with chronically dry skin are more prone.

Symptoms and diagnosis

Symptoms include fissures or cracks in the skin, rough or scaly patches, soreness, itching, and sometimes mild bleeding. Diagnosis is usually clinical, based on history and physical examination. In cases where an infection is suspected or additional skin conditions need to be distinguished, a clinician may perform further assessment.

Treatment and prevention

Management focuses on restoring the skin barrier and reducing irritation. Regular application of bland emollients or petrolatum-based creams several times daily, especially after washing, is recommended. Protective measures include avoiding hot water, using mild cleansers, wearing gloves in cold weather, and using a humidifier indoors. For inflammatory flares, topical anti-inflammatory treatments may be used under medical guidance. Infections or secondary complications require appropriate antibiotics or antifungals. Prevention centers on consistent moisturization, barrier protection, and minimizing exposure to irritants.

Prognosis

With proper skin care and avoidance of irritants, sprödem often improves. Recurrent episodes are common if environmental and behavioral factors are not addressed.