Shadhu

Shadhu, often transliterated as sadhu (Sanskrit sādhu), is a term for a holy man or religious ascetic in Indian religious traditions, especially Hinduism. It denotes a person regarded as virtuous or spiritually realized. In Hindu contexts, sadhus renounce worldly life to pursue spiritual goals. They may be wandering mendicants or attached to temples or monasteries, and many belong to specific lineages, sects, or akharas.

Lifestyle and practices: Sadhus typically observe celibacy, minimal possessions, and austere disciplines. They often subsist on alms (bhiksha) and engage in meditation, prayer, and scriptural study. Their appearance is a recognizable sign of renunciation: saffron or ochre robes, ash smeared on the body, sometimes long matted hair (jata), and symbols such as tilaka or vibhuti. Many carry a danda (staff) and use prayer beads (mala).

Subgroups and roles: Sannyasis are full renunciants who have taken formal vows; vairagis are renunciants who have not necessarily undergone full sannyasa. Naga sadhus are a famous, ritualized subset of ascetics, often without clothes and covered in ash, who participate in major pilgrimages such as the Kumbh Mela. Sadhus may also be mendicants who travel to seek spiritual instruction or to perform devotional activities.

Modern context: Sadhus remain influential spiritual figures in Indian society. They attract followers and pilgrims, provide teaching, and engage in charitable activities, though their communities can face governance challenges and, in rare cases, reports of fraud or criminal activity.

Variations in usage: The term Shadhu is a transliteration variant of sadhu. In Jainism and Buddhism, similar terms exist but with distinct practices and ranks. See also Sadhu, Naga Sadhus, Akharas, Kumbh Mela.