Naga

Naga is a term with multiple meanings in South and Southeast Asia. Derived from the Sanskrit naga meaning serpent, it is used for mythic serpent beings and for real-world communities.

In Hindu and Buddhist traditions, nagas are semi-divine serpents associated with water, fertility, and protection. They may take human form; notable figures include Vasuki and Shesha in Hindu lore and Mucalinda in Buddhist stories. In Jainism, nagas appear as serpent-like beings. Nagas are symbols of guardianship in many cultures.

The Naga peoples are a constellation of indigenous communities living mainly in Nagaland and adjacent areas of India and Myanmar. They belong to Tibeto-Burman language groups and include diverse tribes with distinct customs. The region is known for weaving, beadwork, and festivals such as the Hornbill.

Today, many Naga people are Christians, especially in Nagaland, while others maintain indigenous beliefs. In the 20th century, various Naga groups sought autonomy or independence, resulting in negotiations with the Indian government and a framework agreement in 2015; a final settlement remains incomplete. In Myanmar, Naga communities exist along border areas as well.

Thus, Naga refers to mythical serpents as well as a diverse, cross-border set of communities with interconnected histories in religion, culture, and politics.