Kumbh

Kumbh is a term that means a sacred pot or pitcher in Hindu ritual. In common usage it refers to the Kumbh Mela, one of the world’s largest religious pilgrimages, observed by Hindus and drawing participants from across India and beyond. The word Kumbh derives from Sanskrit kumbha, meaning pot.

The festival has its roots in Hindu mythology connected with the churning of the ocean, or samudra manthan, in which the nectar of immortality, amrita, was produced. According to tradition, drops of amrita fell at certain sacred sites, giving rise to a series of Kumbh Melas at those places. Pilgrims bathe in sacred rivers during auspicious dates to purify the soul and seek spiritual renewal.

Kumbh Melas are held at four riverbank sites: Prayagraj (Allahabad) on the confluence of the Ganga, Yamuna, and the mythical Sarasvati; Haridwar on the Ganges; Ujjain on the Shipra; and Nashik on the Godavari. The festival unfolds on calendar dates determined by Hindu astrology. The Maha Kumbh Mela, the largest and most famous form, takes place at Prayagraj every 12 years. Ardha Kumbh Melas occur at Haridwar and Ujjain about every six years, and Nashik hosts its own cycle of Kumbh celebrations in alignment with its astronomical timings.

Observances center on ritual bathing, processions, and religious discourses. Ascetic orders, including the renowned Naga Sadhus, participate prominently. The event features extensive devotional activities, fairs, temple rituals, and cultural programs, and the gathering has become a major social and economic phenomenon, attracting millions and shaping regional economies.

Kumbh is also recognized as part of India's intangible cultural heritage, illustrating the interplay of faith, astronomy, and public life in South Asia.