Yamuna

Yamuna, also spelled Jamuna in many languages, is a major river of northern India and one of the principal tributaries of the Ganges. It plays a central role in irrigation, drinking water supply, and the cultural life of the region. The river originates from the Yamunotri Glacier in the upper Garhwal Himalayas of Uttarakhand. From there it travels about 1,376 kilometers (855 miles) through the states of Uttarakhand, Delhi, and Uttar Pradesh, before joining the Ganges at Prayagraj (Allahabad).

Hydrology and geography: The Yamuna flows through the northern plains, passing near major urban centers and agricultural areas. It supports diverse ecosystems and is augmented by tributaries such as the Hindon and Sindh. In its lower course, the river is regulated by several barrages to manage flood risk and water supply, including facilities near Delhi. Its banks host historic cities and landmarks, including the Braj region around Mathura and Vrindavan, as well as Agra, where it has shaped local livelihoods for centuries.

Significance: In Hinduism, Yamuna is revered as a goddess, traditionally considered the daughter of the sun god Surya and sister of Yama, the god of death. She is associated with purification and life along her banks and is linked with Krishna in the Braj tradition. Pilgrims visit sacred sites along the river, such as Yamunotri in the upper Himalaya region, and the towns of Mathura, Vrindavan, and Agra to perform rites and bathe in its waters.

Environment and issues: In recent decades the Yamuna has faced significant pollution from sewage and industrial effluents, particularly in the Delhi region. Efforts at water treatment and river restoration have been undertaken by national and local authorities, but challenges remain. The river remains a vital resource for irrigation and urban water supply in the region.