Sarasvati

Sarasvati is a major goddess in Hinduism associated with knowledge, music, arts, learning, and wisdom. She is often called Vagdevi or Vak, highlighting her link to speech and communication. In iconography she is typically depicted as a graceful white-robed woman seated on a white lotus, holding a veena and a manuscript or book, sometimes with a rosary, and accompanied by a swan or peacock.

Historically, Sarasvati has roots in the Vedas where she appears as a river goddess and goddess of knowledge. In later Hindu texts, the river Sarasvati is described as a sacred yet drying river, while Sarasvati herself evolves into a supreme patron of learning and the arts. Texts differ on her relationship with Brahma; some traditions treat her as his consort, others as his daughter or as a distinct divine source of creative energy. She is also regarded in various traditions as a member of the Tridevi, alongside Lakshmi and Parvati, representing universal knowledge and creativity.

Iconography conveys symbolism: white is associated with purity; the veena signifies musical creativity; the book or manuscript stands for learning; the swan or peacock represents discernment and beauty. Sarasvati is widely honored by students, scholars, and artists, and festivals such as Saraswati Puja and Vasant Panchami celebrate her. She is venerated in temples and homes across India and in other parts of South Asia, where schools and cultural institutions may dedicate ceremonies to her.

Regional and sectarian variations exist in her portrayal and worship, but she consistently embodies the value of knowledge and artistic expression within Hindu culture.