SMGs

Submachine guns (SMGs) are compact automatic firearms designed to fire handgun cartridges, typically at close range. They are intended for shoulder-fired use with detachable magazines, offering controllable fire in confined spaces. Common calibers include 9×19mm Parabellum, .45 ACP, and 7.62×25mm Tokarev, though regional variants use other pistol cartridges.

SMGs generally employ simple blowback or other low-recoil operating systems and are optimized for high rates of fire. They are smaller and lighter than rifles, with shorter barrels and stocks designed for rapid handling. They may be available in fully automatic, semi-automatic, or selectable-fire configurations; many early models operated from an open-bolt position in automatic fire.

Development and use: The concept arose in the early 20th century to provide infantry with portable firepower. WWII saw widespread adoption of designs such as the Sten and MP40. The Thompson and later the Uzi and MP5 became influential in late 20th century security operations. Through the Cold War, SMGs remained a staple in police and military inventories.

Role and limitations: SMGs excel in close-quarters combat, armored vehicles, and rapid response scenarios due to their compact size and high rate of fire. They trade effective range and accuracy compared with rifles, and control can be challenging in sustained automatic fire. Modern practice often favors carbines or rifles with selective-fire options for greater versatility.

Notable examples: Thompson, Sten, MP40, Uzi, MP5, PPSh-41, PP-19 Bizon, and MAC-10 illustrate variations in feed systems, calibers, and handling across eras and regions.