Ranidae

Ranidae, commonly known as true frogs, is a large and widespread family within the order Anura. It is the largest family of frogs, comprising roughly 700 species in about 15 genera, distributed across Europe, Asia, Africa, the Americas, and parts of Oceania. The group displays substantial diversity in size, morphology, and ecology, but most members share a preference for moist environments and aquatic or semi-aquatic lifestyles.

Physical characteristics typically include smooth to moderately rough skin, long hind limbs adapted for jumping, and webbed feet. The tympanum (external ear) is usually visible. Coloration and patterns vary widely among species, as do habitat preferences and life histories. Many ranids are capable climbers or burrowers, and several have prominent vocalizations used by males to attract mates.

Ecology and behavior: Ranids occupy a broad range of freshwater habitats, including ponds, streams, marshes, and wetlands. Adults are often terrestrial or semi-aquatic, while breeding is typically tied to standing or slow-moving water. Many species undertake seasonal migrations to breeding sites, and males vocalize with species-specific calls.

Reproduction and development: Reproduction is generally aquatic, with external fertilization. Eggs are laid in gelatinous masses or strings in water, hatching into aquatic tadpoles that undergo metamorphosis into juvenile frogs. Development rates and larval diets vary among species and habitats.

Taxonomy: The family has undergone substantial revision. Numerous species formerly placed in the genus Rana have been reassigned to other genera such as Lithobates, Pelophylax, Hoplobatrachus, and Amolops. Ongoing phylogenetic research continues to refine relationships within Ranidae.

Conservation: Some ranids are resilient, but many species face threats from habitat loss, pollution, invasive species, climate change, and disease such as chytridiomycosis. Conservation status is variable across the group.