Pyrénées

The Pyrenees, or Pyrénées in French and Pirineos in Spanish, is a mountain range in southwestern Europe forming the border between the Iberian Peninsula and the rest of Europe. It extends about 430 kilometers from the Bay of Biscay to the Mediterranean, separating Spain and France. The eastern Pyrenees host the microstate of Andorra.

Geography: The range is divided into Western, Central, and Eastern Pyrenees, with the crest running along the border. It contains deep valleys and high passes, such as the Tourmalet in France and the Somport pass on the France–Spain border.

Peaks: The highest point is Pico de Aneto in Spain, about 3,404 meters. Other major summits include Monte Perdido and Posets, all exceeding 3,300 meters.

Geology and landscape: The Pyrenees formed mainly in the late Cretaceous to early Paleogene during the collision of the Iberian and European plates. The range features folded sedimentary rocks, limestone plateaus, and glacial valleys that preserve cirques and waterfalls.

Climate and biodiversity: Western Pyrenees have an Atlantic-influenced climate; eastern parts are drier. The range supports diverse flora and fauna, including the Pyrenean chamois, bearded vulture, and the Pyrenean desman. Protected areas include Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park (Spain), Parc national des Pyrénées (France), and Aigüestortes i Estany de Sant Maurici National Park (Catalonia).

Human dimension: Populations live in valleys with Basque, Catalan, and Occitan cultural influences. Andorra lies within the range. The Pyrenees support tourism, skiing in Andorra and French and Spanish resorts, and hiking in summer. The Camino de Santiago crosses the mountains at several passes.