Pterodroma

Pterodroma is a genus of seabirds in the family Procellariidae, within the order Procellariiformes. Known commonly as gadfly petrels, the genus comprises many closely related species that are highly pelagic, spending most of their lives at sea and returning to remote islands to breed.

Members of Pterodroma are medium-sized with slender bodies and long, pointed wings. Their bills show the tubular nasal passages characteristic of procellariids. Plumage varies widely among species, from predominantly dark to contrasting dark upperparts with lighter undersides, and some species display white or pale facial markings. The variation in plumage often corresponds to different geographic ranges and ecological niches.

Ecology and behavior: Pterodroma petrels forage mainly at the ocean surface, feeding on squid, small fish, and crustaceans. They are capable of long-distance flights and undertaking extensive migrations between breeding colonies and feeding grounds, frequently crossing entire ocean basins. At breeding sites, they are typically nocturnal on land to avoid predators.

Breeding and lifecycle: They nest in colonies on remote islands, often in burrows or rock crevices. A single egg is laid per season, with both parents contributing to incubation and chick rearing. Breeding seasons and timing vary by species and location.

Conservation: Many Pterodroma species are threatened by introduced predators such as rats and cats, habitat destruction, and human disturbance at colonies. Conservation measures include predator eradication, island restoration, and protection of breeding sites. Notable species include the Bermuda petrel (Pterodroma cahow) and Cook’s petrel (Pterodroma cookii). The genus contains several endangered or vulnerable species alongside more widespread, secure ones.