Protéza

Protéza, commonly referred to as a prosthesis, is an artificial device that replaces a missing body part to restore function, appearance, or both. It is typically custom-made and fitted by a trained professional, such as a prosthetist, dentist, or craniofacial prosthetist, and may be attached by sockets, mechanical joints, adhesives, implants, or direct bone integration in some cases.

Common categories include limb prostheses (upper and lower extremities), dental prostheses (dentures, crowns, bridges, implants), ocular prostheses (artificial eye), facial prostheses (nose or ears), and breast prostheses used after surgery. Each type serves different goals: limb devices aim to enable movement and weight-bearing, dental devices restore chewing and aesthetics, and ocular or facial prostheses help preserve facial symmetry and appearance. Breast prostheses provide contour and psychological comfort.

Construction and materials vary by application. Prostheses often combine plastics, silicones, and metals such as titanium or stainless steel, with carbon fibers and advanced polymers used for strength and lightness. Modern devices increasingly rely on computer-aided design and manufacturing, 3D printing, and advanced sensors. Some limb prostheses use myoelectric or pattern-recognition control, while others are body-powered. Osseointegration—direct attachment to bone via implants—offers an alternative fixation method for certain users.

Fitting and rehabilitation are essential components of care. A prosthesis is tailored to the individual’s anatomy and daily needs, followed by training in use, care, and maintenance. Durability, comfort, cost, and access to services influence the long-term success of a protéza.

History and impact: prosthetic devices have ancient roots and have evolved through metals, plastics, and digital technologies, steadily expanding function and quality of life for many users.