Prosthetic

A prosthetic is an artificial device that replaces a missing body part or enhances function. The term most often refers to limb prostheses, but it also covers dental prostheses, ocular prostheses, and facial prosthetics. A prosthesis aims to restore form and, where possible, function, while prioritizing comfort, control, and cosmetic appearance.

Limb prostheses are designed for upper or lower extremities. A typical device includes a socket that fits over the residual limb, a structural frame or pylon, and a terminal device such as a hand or foot. Suspension systems secure the prosthesis in place. Control methods include body-powered systems that use cables and harnesses, and myoelectric systems that detect electrical signals from residual muscles; some devices incorporate microprocessors and sensors to improve movement and stability. Components and materials vary, with plastics and silicones for soft parts, carbon fiber for strength and lightness, and metals such as aluminum or titanium for internal structures. Microprocessor knees and ankles are examples of advanced, computer-assisted options.

Fitting and rehabilitation involve assessment, measurement or scanning, socket fabrication, alignment, and iterative testing. Users receive training to achieve balance, control, and daily-use proficiency, as well as ongoing adjustments to optimize comfort and function.

Other prosthetic categories include dental prostheses (such as dentures and crowns), ocular prostheses after eye loss, and facial prostheses for tissue reconstruction. The field continues to evolve with improvements in materials, computer-assisted design, and neural or myoelectric interfaces, aiming to enhance mobility, comfort, and quality of life.