Peritoneoscopy

Peritoneoscopy is an endoscopic examination of the peritoneal cavity performed with a peritoneoscope inserted through a small incision in the abdominal wall. It allows direct visualization of the peritoneal surfaces, intraperitoneal organs, and any free fluid, and can be used to obtain biopsies for histopathologic analysis. The procedure is typically performed under general anesthesia and involves the creation of a working space in the abdomen, often by insufflating carbon dioxide. A rigid or flexible scope is introduced through one or more ports, allowing systematic survey of the peritoneum and, if needed, targeted sampling of suspicious tissue.

Historically, peritoneoscopy was an early method for evaluating intraperitoneal pathology and for certain infertility assessments (fertiloscopy). Today, the term is largely superseded by laparoscopy, which uses similar principles but is performed with video guidance and often with camera visualization. Some authors still use celioscopy as a synonym or historical term for the procedure.

Indications for peritoneoscopy include evaluation of unexplained ascites or suspected malignant involvement of the peritoneum, assessment of peritoneal inflammation or infection, and selective infertility workups. In infertility care, fertiloscopy can be used to inspect the pelvic peritoneum and tubes and to perform chromopertubation to assess tubal patency.

Risks are similar to other minimally invasive intra-abdominal procedures and include injury to organs or vessels, bleeding, infection, and rare complications such as gas-related problems. Recovery is generally shorter than after open surgery, but pain and shoulder discomfort from insufflation can occur. In modern practice, peritoneoscopy is less commonly performed than laparoscopic techniques.