insufflation

Insufflation is the deliberate introduction of a gas, powder, or vapor into a body cavity or space. In medicine, it is used to distend structures or deliver substances and can facilitate visualization and instrumentation. The term derives from Latin insufflare, meaning to blow into or inflate.

In laparoscopic surgery, carbon dioxide is insufflated into the peritoneal cavity to create a working space, or pneumoperitoneum. This improves visualization and instrument maneuverability but can affect cardiovascular and respiratory function, and may cause postoperative pain. Typical intra-abdominal pressures during uncomplicated adult procedures are around 12 to 15 mmHg, lower in children.

Insufflation is also used during endoscopic procedures such as colonoscopy or upper endoscopy to distend the lumen, often with CO2 rather than air to reduce bloating. In radiology and diagnostics, insufflation with air or CO2 may be used for bowel imaging. Nasal or topical insufflation refers to delivering drugs or saline through the nasal mucosa for local or systemic effects.

Equipment includes an insufflator, which regulates gas type, flow, and pressure, connected to a gas source and monitoring systems. Potential complications include gas embolism, hypercarbia leading to acidosis, decreased venous return, and postoperative shoulder pain from diaphragmatic irritation.

Insufflation is a fundamental technique in several surgical and medical interventions, with ongoing refinements to improve safety and patient comfort, such as using CO2 for rapid absorption and lower risk of gas-related complications.