Passiveaggressive

Passiveaggressive behavior, or passive-aggressive behavior (also written as passiveaggressive in some usages), refers to indirect expressions of hostility, resentment, or non-cooperation rather than open confrontation. It is considered a pattern of behavior rather than a formal diagnosis, and it can occur in social, workplace, or domestic settings. The behavior often masks underlying emotions such as anger, fear, or a reluctance to engage in direct conflict.

Common forms include procrastination, deliberate inefficiency, repeated miscommunication or withdrawal from responsibilities, sarcastic or backhanded remarks, the silent treatment, and subtle undermining. The aim is typically to express discontent or resistance without overt confrontation, leading to ambiguity and tension in interactions.

Causes are varied. They can stem from fear of direct confrontation, power imbalances, learned patterns from family or culture, poor communication skills, or a desire to maintain control while avoiding direct acknowledgement of the issue. Historically, psychology referenced a “passive-aggressive personality disorder,” but such a diagnosis was removed from major manuals and is now viewed as a pattern within broader personality and behavioral contexts.

Impact can be significant, including damaged trust, increased interpersonal tension, and reduced productivity in groups or teams. In workplaces, passive-aggressive behavior can undermine collaboration and affect psychological safety. In personal relationships, it can erode clarity and intimacy.

Management and coping focus on direct, respectful communication and clear boundary setting. Strategies include using I-statements, addressing issues promptly, and providing specific feedback. When needed, mediation, counseling, or assertiveness training can help individuals develop healthier communication habits and reduce the recurrence of passive-aggressive patterns.