Obezitatea

Obezitatea is a medical condition characterized by an excessive accumulation of body fat that increases the risk of adverse health outcomes. It is commonly defined using body mass index (BMI), a measure calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.

Obezitatea is typically defined as a BMI of 30 or higher. It is further categorized into obesity classes: class I (30–34.9), class II (35–39.9), and class III (40 or higher). BMI has limitations, as it does not distinguish between fat and lean mass or indicate fat distribution. Other measures, such as waist circumference, can provide additional risk information.

Causes are multifactorial, arising from an energy imbalance over time between calories consumed and expended, combined with genetic, metabolic, behavioral, environmental, and social factors. Medications (such as certain antipsychotics or corticosteroids), endocrine disorders, and pregnancy can contribute. Early life influences, sleep, stress, and socioeconomic status also affect risk.

Obezitatea increases the risk of noncommunicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, sleep apnea, certain cancers, osteoarthritis, and mental health conditions such as depression and low self-esteem. It can also affect quality of life and life expectancy.

Management focuses on sustainable weight reduction and the prevention of weight regain through lifestyle modification, including a balanced diet and physical activity. Pharmacotherapy may be considered for individuals with higher BMI or related health problems, and bariatric or metabolic surgery may be recommended for severe obesity after multidisciplinary evaluation. Prevention at population level involves promoting healthy foods, physical activity, and reducing obesogenic environments.