Nitraatioon

Nitraatioon, commonly referred to in English as nitration, is the class of chemical reactions that introduces one or more nitro groups (-NO2) into an organic molecule. The most studied form is aromatic nitration, where a nitro group attaches to an aromatic ring via electrophilic substitution. This typically uses a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and sulfuric acid, which generates the active nitronium ion (NO2+). The reaction is highly reactive and usually conducted at low temperatures to control poly-nitration and side reactions.

In aliphatic substrates, nitration can proceed by radical pathways, often under strongly acidic conditions or with alternative nitrating agents. These reactions are generally less selective than aromatic nitration and may yield a variety of nitro-containing products, including nitro esters or nitroalkanes, depending on the substrate and conditions.

Commonly produced nitro compounds include nitrobenzenes, nitroaromatics such as dinitrobenzene, and nitrogen-rich explosives like trinitrotoluene (TNT). Nitro compounds also serve as important intermediates in the synthesis of dyes, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and other industrial chemicals.

Industrial relevance and limitations: nitration is a cornerstone reaction for making a wide range of intermediates and end products. However, it is highly exothermic, requires careful temperature control, and involves corrosive acids and potentially hazardous nitro compounds, necessitating rigorous safety measures and waste management.

Safety and environmental considerations: handling concentrated acids and reactive nitro species demands appropriate engineering controls, protective equipment, and waste treatment to minimize risks of burns, corrosion, explosions, and nitrate pollution.

See also: nitro group, electrophilic aromatic substitution, nitrating agents, nitroaromatics, explosives.