TNT

TNT, short for trinitrotoluene, is an organic compound used as a high explosive. It has the chemical formula C7H5N3O6 and is a pale yellow crystalline solid at room temperature. The material melts around 80 °C and detonates when subjected to a suitable initiating device. Its detonation velocity is about 6.0 to 7.0 kilometers per second under typical confinement. TNT is relatively insensitive to friction and minor impact compared with many other high explosives, making it easier to handle in production and storage, though it remains a dangerous energetic material.

History and production: TNT was first prepared in 1863 by the German chemist Julius Wilbrand as a dye. Its explosive properties were recognized later, and it became widely used in the 20th century. Commercial production involves nitration of toluene with a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids to form trinitrotoluene, followed by purification and drying.

Uses: TNT is used as a primary or secondary explosive in mining, quarrying, construction, and demolition. It has been employed in military munitions and is often used as a base charge or energetic component in composite formulations. TNT equivalents are used to compare the energy release of different explosives.

Safety and regulatory aspects: TNT handling requires appropriate facilities and precautions. It is toxic and can cause environmental harm if released. Production, storage, transport, and use are regulated by national authorities as part of broader hazardous materials and explosives legislation.