Niacinamide

Niacinamide, also known as nicotinamide, is the amide form of vitamin B3 (niacin). It is a water-soluble nutrient distinct from nicotinic acid and is a common ingredient in dietary supplements and skincare products.

Biologically, niacinamide serves as a precursor to the coenzymes NAD+ and NADP+, which participate in redox reactions essential for energy production, cellular metabolism, DNA repair, and signaling. The body can obtain niacinamide from the diet or synthesize it from tryptophan, and adequate intake supports overall metabolic health. Severe deficiency historically causes pellagra, characterized by dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia.

Dietary sources include meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, legumes, and fortified cereals. In addition to oral supplements used to prevent or treat deficiency, niacinamide is widely used in dermatology and cosmetics for topical care.

Topically, niacinamide is valued for barrier-supporting and anti-inflammatory properties. It can help reduce transepidermal water loss, improve skin texture, and mitigate redness and certain forms of hyperpigmentation. It is commonly included in moisturizers, serums, and acne or rosacea treatments. Typical cosmetic concentrations range from about 2% to 5%, with higher strengths used under medical supervision.

Safety and tolerability are generally favorable. Niacinamide is well tolerated on the skin, with rare irritation in some individuals. When used as an oral supplement at recommended intakes, it is also considered safe for most people, though very high doses can cause adverse effects and are not recommended without medical supervision. Niacinamide does not cause the flushing associated with nicotinic acid.