Neuroblastomas

Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer that originates from immature nerve cells called neuroblasts, which are part of the sympathetic nervous system. It is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children and accounts for approximately 6-8% of all childhood cancers. Neuroblastomas typically develop in the adrenal glands, which sit atop the kidneys, but they can also occur along the sympathetic chain in the neck, chest, abdomen, or pelvis.

The exact cause of neuroblastoma remains unknown, but genetic and environmental factors are thought to contribute to its development. It often presents with a variety of symptoms depending on its location and spread, including abdominal mass, pain, weight loss, fatigue, or symptoms related to compression of nearby structures. In some cases, neuroblastomas can produce hormones, such as catecholamines, leading to additional signs like hypertension or sweating.

Diagnosis involves a combination of imaging studies such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), along with biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Laboratory tests measuring catecholamine metabolites in urine or blood can support diagnosis. Staging considers tumor size, spread to lymph nodes, bones, or other organs, and often employs bone marrow biopsies.

Treatment strategies typically include surgery to remove the primary tumor, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and, in high-risk cases, stem cell transplants and immunotherapy. The prognosis depends on various factors such as age at diagnosis, tumor stage, genetic features, and response to treatment. Advances in understanding the biology of neuroblastoma have improved survival rates, especially for localized tumors, but high-risk cases remain challenging.

Neuroblastoma research continues to focus on targeted therapies and genetic profiling to improve outcomes and develop more effective, less invasive treatments.