Nenäkurkun

Nenäkurkun, also known as nasal hemorrhage or epistaxis, refers to bleeding from the nasal cavity. It can occur in one or both nostrils and may range from a mild runny nose to profuse blood loss. Most nosebleeds result from the rupture of small vessels in the nasal mucosa, especially the highly vascular area known as Kiesselbach’s plexus in the anterior septum.

Risk factors include trauma to the nose, chronic nasal dryness, allergic rhinitis, upper respiratory infections, and certain medications such as anticoagulants or nonsteroidal anti‑inflammatory drugs. Structural abnormalities, such as a deviated septum, nasal polyps, or presence of foreign bodies, can increase susceptibility. Systemic conditions such as hypertension, clotting disorders, or liver disease may also contribute to frequent or severe episodes.

Diagnosing a nasal hemorrhage typically involves a visual inspection of the nasal cavity, often with nasal speculum or a lighted instrument. In cases where bleeding originates from the posterior septum or nasopharynx, a fiberoptic endoscopic examination may be required. Additional investigations, such as coagulation studies or imaging, are considered when underlying systemic disease is suspected.

First‑line treatment consists of nasal pinching and leaning forward to minimize blood aspiration. Cold compresses may help constrict vessels. Topical vasoconstrictors, such as oxymetazoline spray, or nasal packing, are used when bleeding persists. For recurrent or severe posterior bleeds, cauterization or surgical ligation of the sphenopalatine artery may be necessary.

Prevention focuses on keeping nasal passages moist using saline sprays or humidification, avoiding nasal picking, and treating allergic or infectious conditions promptly. Patients on anticoagulants should be monitored closely and may benefit from prophylactic measures such as nasal lubrication. Early recognition and appropriate management reduce complications and improve outcomes.