cauterization

Cauterization is the deliberate destruction or alteration of tissue through a controlled application of heat, electricity, laser energy, or caustic chemicals. The aims are to achieve hemostasis, remove or destroy diseased tissue, and reduce the risk of infection or recurrence while limiting damage to surrounding structures.

Common methods include thermal cautery, using heated instruments to burn tissue; electric cautery, where electrical current is used to generate heat at the treatment site; laser cautery, which employs focused light to cut or coagulate; and chemical cautery, applying caustic agents such as silver nitrate or phenol.

Cautery is used across medical specialties. In surgery, it controls bleeding and seals small vessels. In dermatology and ENT, it is used to remove warts, polyps, granulation tissue, and some precancerous lesions. In dentistry, cautery can aid in hemostasis during procedures. The choice of method depends on tissue type, location, desired depth of destruction, and the need to minimize collateral damage.

Risks include pain, infection, scarring, burns of adjacent tissue, and delayed healing. The safety and effectiveness of cauterization depend on appropriate technique, sterile instruments, proper energy settings, and clear clinical indications.

Historically, cauterization has ancient roots with the use of heated implements. Modern practice relies on standardized devices and protocols, offering greater precision and control.