Nanomanipulator

Nanomanipulator refers to a device or system designed to position and manipulate objects at the nanoscale with high precision. It is used to handle nanoparticles, nanowires, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and biomolecules, enabling assembly, characterization, or modification of nanoscale structures. Nanomanipulators are typically integrated with imaging instruments such as atomic force microscopes, scanning electron microscopes, or transmission electron microscopes, and they can operate in environments ranging from ambient air to ultra-high vacuum or liquid cells.

Most nanomanipulators rely on multi-axis piezoelectric actuators or flexure-based stages to provide smooth, backlash-free motion across Y, X, and Z axes, with additional rotational degrees of freedom in some designs. End-effectors may be nano-grippers, sharp probes, or microfabricated clamps, and are often interchangeable to suit the task. Position sensing is achieved with capacitive, interferometric, or optical encoders, and many systems employ closed-loop feedback to achieve nanometer- or sub-nanometer-scale accuracy. Some configurations operate inside electron microscopes, using the beam's imaging to guide manipulation.

Typical manipulation methods include pushing, pulling, lifting, picking up, or assembling nanoscale components, as well as cutting or breaking nanoscale structures in a controlled manner. Applications span nanoelectronics assembly, nanophotonics, materials science, and studies of single molecules or biological specimens. In-situ manipulation inside electron microscopes allows direct observation of mechanical and structural responses during manipulation.

Challenges include mechanical drift and thermal fluctuations, vibration, stiction and surface adhesion, sample damage, and contamination. Calibration and maintenance are demanding, and many nanomanipulators require cleanroom or vacuum environments and careful integration with the host instrument.