Mikrotraumas

Mikrotraumas are injuries that result from repeated, submaximal loads over time rather than a single traumatic event. The cumulative small insults can damage tissues such as muscles, tendons, ligaments, bone, and nerves, and may present as overuse injuries if recovery is insufficient. The concept applies across body parts and, in some contexts, to neural tissue in the brain as well.

Mechanisms include microtears, microdegeneration of tendons (tendinopathy), microfractures in bone, and microvascular disruption with local inflammation. Healing depends on the balance between damage and remodeling; when loading remains excessive or recovery is inadequate, symptoms and dysfunction may emerge.

Common examples include tendinopathies, stress fractures, plantar fasciitis, and shin splints in sports and repetitive work.

Diagnosis relies on history of repetitive exposure and pattern of symptoms; imaging may be normal early, while MRI or ultrasound can reveal tissue changes. Treatment emphasizes rest or activity modification, graded loading under supervision, physical therapy, and addressing contributing factors such as training volume, footwear, and technique.

Prevention focuses on gradual training progression, adequate recovery, proper technique, equipment, and nutrition. Most mikrotraumas heal with appropriate management, but ongoing exposure without adjustment can lead to chronic pain or structural injury.