Migreenid

Migreenid, commonly known as migraines, are a neurological primary headache disorder defined by recurrent headaches that are moderate to severe in intensity and have certain accompanying features. Typical attacks last from 4 to 72 hours and are often unilateral and pulsating. They are frequently associated with nausea and/or vomiting, and sensitivity to light (photophobia) and sound (phonophobia). About a fifth to a third of people experience aura, which are transient focal neurological symptoms such as visual disturbances or sensory changes that usually precede the headache.

Migraine is a heterogeneous condition with genetic and environmental components. The exact cause is not fully understood, but it involves abnormal brain networks and activation of the trigeminovascular system, with a key role for the neuropeptide CGRP. Triggers vary between individuals and can include stress, sleep disturbance, hormonal changes, certain foods, alcohol, caffeine withdrawal, and weather changes. Migraine affects people of all ages but typically begins in adolescence or early adulthood and is more common in women.

Diagnosis is clinical, based on the pattern of symptoms and medical history. Red flags prompting further evaluation include sudden onset of a severe headache, a first-ever severe headache after age 50, neurological deficits that are not typical of aura, or symptoms suggesting another serious condition.

Treatment aims to relieve symptoms during attacks and reduce attack frequency. Acute therapies include NSAIDs, acetaminophen, triptans, and, for some patients, newer options such as ditans and gepants. Preventive treatments (for frequent or disabling migraines) include certain blood pressure medicines, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, and, in many cases, CGRP-targeted therapies. Non-pharmacological strategies—regular sleep, hydration, balanced meals, exercise, stress management, and trigger tracking—support overall management.