Microcells

Microcells are a class of small cellular base stations designed to provide localized coverage and capacity within a larger cellular network. They operate at higher power than picocells and femtocells but cover a smaller area than macro cells, typically serving a radius from hundreds of meters up to a few kilometers depending on environment. They are deployed in high-demand areas such as city centers, transit hubs, office buildings, and indoor venues to supplement macrocell coverage and relieve congestion.

Microcells connect to the operator's core network via a backhaul link, commonly fiber, Ethernet, or microwave wireless links. They normally operate on licensed spectrum and are integrated into the operator's radio access network as part of a heterogeneous network (HetNet). Modern networks employ self-organizing network features to automate configuration and interference management and support 4G LTE and 5G NR.

Deployment considerations: Site acquisition, power, cooling, and backhaul reliability are critical. Frequency planning and interference with neighboring cells must be managed, often with scheduling and advanced radio techniques. In indoor deployments, microcells may be installed by enterprise IT teams or service providers with access to building infrastructure.

Role and trends: Microcells are a key tool for densification in 5G and 4G networks, enabling higher data rates and improved user experience in crowded areas. They complement macro cells rather than replacing them, forming a layered network that can be managed through central controllers and software-defined networking systems.